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From the History of Cambridge University

Cambridge is famous (1) the world as one of the two oldest university :ities in Britain — Oxford, of course, is the other. Its streets are packed with students going about their business on bicycles. The story of the University began in 1209 when students and scholars ?2) the little town of Cambridge after they had walked 60 miles from Oxford. These students had been students in Oxford where there was constant trouble between the people living in the town and the students. Then one day a student accidentally killed a man of the town. The Major arrested three (3) students who were innocent and they (4) death. In protest all the students moved (5) , some coming to Cambridge, and so the new University began.

#1. 1) through; 2) on; 3) throughout; 4) out of.

#2. 1) arrived in; 2) reached in; 3) arrived to; 4) was arrived at

#3.1) another; 2) the other; 3) others; 4) other.

#4.1) put it; 2) were put to; 3) put to; 4) were put at.

#5.1) anywhere; 2) to somewhere; 3) in nowhere; 4) elsewhere.

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Barbara Cartland, the Queen of Romance

Barbara Cartland is known both in Britain and in the United States аз «The Queen of Romance». She (1) by her publisher as «the world’s most famous romantic novelist» but she is many other things (2). According to the Guinness Book of Records she is the world’s most prolific writer, still (3) a new book every two weeks, and holds the record as the world’s top-selling author, having sold some 370 million copies of her books. She wrote her first book when she was twenty-one and it sold out as soon as it reached the shops. (4) she has written over 500 books. She married in 1927, and after she divorced her first husband, she remarried in 1936. In 1976, she wrote twenty-one books and (5) the world record, and shortly after this she sang an album of love songs with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra.

#1. 1) is described; 2) described; 3) has described; 4) is describing.

#2. 1) as also; 2) well; 3) as well; 4) also.

#3. 1) having produced; 2) producing; 3) produces; 4) produced.

#4. 1) After that; 2) Since then; 3) At that time; 4) Then.

#5.1) was broken; 2) breaks; 3) broke out; 4) broke.

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The Warship «Mary Rose»

The warship «Mary Rose» was built in the years 1509-1510. In 1544 England started a war against France, and in 1545 French ships were sent (1) the Channel towards England. Some English ships went out from Portsmouth to meet them. One of those ships was the «Mary Rose». It was carrying 91 guns and 700 men — twice (2) as normal. It sank quickly to the bottom of the sea even before it was attacked by the French. About 650 men (3) . The King of England himself saw this terrible accident. The next month an attempt (4) to raise the «Mary Rose», but it failed. The ship was forgotten for hundreds of years. The ship was lifted out of the sea in October 1982. Many people saw the raising of the «Mary Rose» on television. (5) the ship was taken into Portsmouth dock 437 years after she had sunk.

#1.1) to; 2) across; 3) on; 4) in.

#2. 1) many; 2) more; 3) as much; 4) as many.

#3. 1) were died; 2) dead; 3) were dead; 4) died.

#4. 1) has made; 2) make; 3) was made; 4) made.

#5. 1) Finally; 2) Last; 3) In the final; 4) Lately.

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Traffic Lights

The first traffic lights signal was invented by a railway signalling engineer. It was installed (1) the Houses of Parliament in 1868. It looked like any railway signal of the time , and was operated by gas. However, it exploded and killed a policeman and the accident (2) further development until cars became common. Modern traffic lights are an American (3). Red-green systems were installed in 1914. Three-colour signals, operated by hand from a tower in the middle of the street, were installed in New York in 1918. The first lights of this type in Britain were in London on the junction between St. James’s Street and Piccadilly, in 1925. In the past, traffic lights were (4). In New York, some lights had a statue on top. In Los Angeles the lights did not change ?5) but rang bells to wake the sleeping motorists of the 1930s. These are gone and have been replaced by standard models, which are universally adopted.

#1. 1) inside; 2) in; 3) outside; 4) in front.

#2. 1) discouraged; 2) disappointed; 3) displeased; 4) disarmed.

#3. 1) discovery; 2) puzzle; 3) intelligence; 4) invention.

#4. 1) tragic; 2) useless; 3) active; 4) special.

#5. 1) loudly; 2) silently; 3) slowly; 4) quickly.

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Pilot Holds New York Hostage

The first word of (1) came at 10.20 a.m. when a police department official telephoned the United Nations and informed the Secretary General ;hat a lunatic pilot in the area planned (2) his plane into the United Nations building. The UN was evacuated, fire teams moved into the UN grounds to cope with the disaster. Then the police corrected their (3) report. The target of the pilot, Richard Boudin, was not the UN, but the publishing company, housed in a building two blocks from the UN. Mr. Boudin apparently felt that his novel, «Confessions of a Counterfeiter», was not getting enough publicity, ?4} he chartered the plane at a New Jersey airport and radioed that he was going to destroy the publishing house. Soon (5) the president of the publishing company agreed to talk with Mr. Boudin, if he would land at La Guardian Airport. Mr.Boudin accepted and flew off, the crisis over. Police said Mr. Boudin would be charged with endangerment and other offences.

#1. 1) the threat; 2) the gossip; 3) the rumour; 4) the history.

#2. 1) to sit; 2) to bite; 3) to take off; 4) to fly.

#3. 1) primitive; 2) pilot; 3) original; 4) hostage.

#4. 1) because; 2) so; 3) however; 4) besides.

#5.1) afternoon; 2) after noon; 3) after such; 4) towards noon.

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Lightning Strike (1)

It is not surprising that people in the past were afraid of lightning. We still find it thrilling and fascinating. Scientists are trying to predict storms and protect people (1) lightning strikes. Things used to be much (2). According to research by Dr.Derek Elsom the number of fatalities has dropped by 80 per cent since mid-1850s. This isn’t because lightning is less (3), but because fewer people now work in the open. The experience of Roy Sullivan goes to show how dangerous it can be to work (4). Roy, a former ranger in Virginia, USA, held the world record for being struck by lightning. He was first hit in 1942, losing just the nail from his big toe! He was struck again in 1969, 1970 and 1973. In 1976 a strike hurt his ankle and in 1977 he suffered chest and stomach burns. After (5) all this he killed himself in 1983!

#1. 1) before; 2) against; 3) for; 4) after.

#2. 1) worse; 2) better; 3) less; 4) fewer.

#3. 1) furore; 2) open; 3) average; 4) common.

#4. 1) inside; 2) upside; 3) outside; 4) downside.

#5. 1) striking; 2) lightning; 3) surviving; 4) living.

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Lightning Strike (2)

It is not surprising that people in the past were afraid of lightning and thought it was a sign of anger from their gods. We still find lightning thrilling and fascinating. It is now also an important area of research for scientists, who are trying to (1) its secrets are looking for ways to predict lightning strikes and protect people. Predicting when and where lightning is likely to strike is one of the ways we have made it (2) of a danger. Forecasting lightning is taken more seriously in America. But even the most (3) forecasting systems can sometimes be caught out. In March 1993, Florida and other states of America were struck (4) severe lightning storms. At the peak the «Sunshine state» was hit by 5,000 strikes an hour. The cause of the storm and the reason it suddenly died out as it travelled north, is yet another mystery of the lightning (5).

#1.1) cover; 2) invent; 3) uncover; 4) recover.

#2. 1) less; 2) more; 3) least; 4) a little.

#3. 1) undeveloped; 2) usual; 3) common; 4) advanced.

#4. 1) out; 2) by; 3) with; 4) of.

#5. 1) phenomenon; 2) way; 3) illusion; 4) riddle.

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Lightning Strike (3)

It is not surprising that people in the past were afraid of lightning and thought it was a sign of anger from their gods. (1) we still find lightning thrilling and fascinating. Up till the 18th century people were given {2} proof that lightning really can strike the same place twice. Between 1388 and 1762, the famous bell tower of San Marco in Venice, was severely (3) or completely destroyed nine times. In England and Wales things are not quite as bad as they were in Italy, but about a dozen people are struck by lightning every year and a quarter of (4) are killed as a result. Men are six times more likely to be struck by lightning than women. Lightning is an important area of (5) for scientists, who are looking for ways to predict storms and protect people.

#1. 1) In fact; 2) As a fact; 3) Factually; 4) In practice.

#2. 1) different; 2) another; 3) dramatic; 4) the same.

#3. 1) hurt; 2) wounded; 3) injured; 4) damaged.

#4. 1) it; 2) this; 3) that; 4) those.

#5.1) research; 2) search; 3) opening; 4) fortune telling.

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How to Boost Your Memory

Are you forgetful? There’s a tremendous range of methods to boost your memory. Your memory is like a brilliant, but (1) computer storing a vast amount of information. In fact the memory’s capacity is theoretically unlimited. (2} only about 20 per cent of our daily experience is registered, and of that only a tiny proportion is loaded into long-term memory. Normal healthy people can improve their memories easily. First of all learn to relax if you are trying to memorize something. You may (3) important items if your mind is on something else or if you weren’t paying attention because of anxiety. Try to combine study with exercise. Keep your mind fit (4) your body by doing mental workouts. Crosswords, scrabbles ard quizzes all help to keep the mind in shape. You can also train your memory in certain (5). The ancient Greeks invented memory systems called mnemonics, and they still work today. Most systems involve associating the things you want to remember with something you already have safely stored in your head. For example, if you want to remember numbers try to make associations between numbers in sequence — think of people’s ages, special dates, whether they’re odd or even.

#1.1) unreliable; 2) expensive; 3) reasonable; 4) powerful.

#2. 1) Besides; 2) Moreover; 3) Likewise; 4) Nevertheless.

#3.1) catch; 2) pick up; 3) miss; 4) get.

#4. 1) alike; 2) as well as; 3) well as; 4) or.

#5. 1) ways; 2) tricks; 3) methods; 4) schemes.

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When a Computer Error Is a Fatal Mistake

Life without computers has become (1). They are designed to look after so many boring but essential things that we have become dependent on them. But (2) the demands placed on computers grow, so does the number of incidents involving computer errors. It is only a matter of time before a computer-made catastrophe occurs. As early as 1889, a word entered the language that was to become all too familiar to computer scientists: a «bug», meaning a mistake. For decades bugs and «debugging» were taken to be part of every computer engineer’s (3). Of course, more often than not errors are (4) annoying, but sometimes they can come close to causing tragedies. On the Picadilly line in London’s Underground a driver who was going south along a track got confused while moving his empty train through a cross-over point. He started to head north straight at a south bound train full of people. The computerized signalling system (5} to warn him of impending disaster and it was only his quick human reactions that prevented a crash.

#1. 1) elementary; 2) unimaginable; 3) tireless; 4) trivial.

#2. 1) however; 2) no sooner; 3) in the meantime; 4) as.

#3. 1) job; 2) tragedy; 3) necessity; 4) action.

#4. 1) not; 2) not only; 3) just; 4) absolutely.

#5. 1) managed; 2) signalled; 3) failed; 4) succeeded.